INFO BOARD
Table of Contents:
AWPF Fundamentals of Biomedical Engineering
Lecturer: Dr. rer. nat. Reiner Schnettler
Medical technology:
- What is medical technology?
- Meaning of MT based on the development of medical technology?
- Differentiation between: "biological technology and biologically conditioned technology" Def. technology.
- Development phases of MT.
- Medical technology in the field of tension between technology and medicine.
- Sciences with the prefix bio:
◦ Biology
◦ Biotechnology
◦ Biophysics
◦ Biomedical engineering or biomedical engineering sciences.
Medical technology and life extension State of the art research:
- Artificial organs
- Importance of model systems in biology and medicine.
- The importance of the axolotl in regenerative medicine
- Automated production of bone, cartilage and skin substitutes
- Organs from the 3D printer
- Necessary scaffolds for cell culture of organ tissues
- The importance of electrospinning technology
- Ghost organs
- Problems of organ cultivation
- 5 basic tissues (elementary tissues) are to be mastered
- Stem cells, adult or embryonic?
- Importance of immune defense
- Technical (bionic organ substitutes)
Hemodialysis as an example of a bionic organ replacement:
- What does the original
- the smallest functional subunit of the kidney
- Requirements for a bionic solution
- Possible solutions to
Medical technology in space:
- Electrically induced cell fusion (biomembranes under µ x g - conditions).
- The principle of operation: dielectrophoresis, the biological membrane as a capacitor, reversible and irreversible electrical breakdown
- The influence of homogeneous and inhomogeneous electric fields
- The effect of alternating voltage and direct voltage
- Experimental setup for electrically induced cell fusion
- The steps of electrically induced cell fusion
- The voltage-time diagram of electrofusion
- Possible applications
Importance of measurement in medical technology:
- Importance of measurement in medical technology
- Measurement error, systematic and random measurement error, examples
- Closed loop measurement systems
- The concept of measurand
- Combinations of different measuring methods, sense and purpose
- Tasks of measurement technology in medical technology
Evaluation of reliability of medical examinations:
- Table of true negative, true positive, false negative and false positive results
- diagnostic specificity
- diagnostic non-specificity
- diagnostic sensitivity
- diagnostic non-sensitivity
biosignals:
- biosignals
- electrical biosignals
- The special characteristics of electrical biosignals
- Overview of human biosignals
- Classification of biosignals according to their physical qualities
- Biosensors for the detection of biosignals
Proteins and enzymes as the basis of biosensors:
- What are proteins?
- Properties of proteins
- Building blocks of proteins
- The hydrochloric acid pepsin experiment
- Biogenic amino acids
- The importance of the spatial structure of proteins
- Primary, random coil, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
- Enzyme proteins
Enzymes and enzyme kinetics:
- The enzyme as a biocatalyst
- Classification of enzymes, 6 main classes
- Applications for enzymes, in the cell, in medicine, in biotechnology
- Temperature and pH optimum for enzymes
- Terminology of enzymes
- Reaction kinetics of enzymes as a simple way to characterize enzymes
- General chemical reaction equation for enzymes
- Dissociation constant of the enzyme-substrate complex
- Michaelis-Menten equation
- Michelis constant
- Lineweaver-Burk equation
- V-[S] diagram of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
- Micheleis-Menten kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
- substrate analogues
- competitive inhibition
- non-competitive inhibition
- allosteric inhibition, and how to distinguish between them
- Enzymes and the position of chemical equilibrium
- Methods for the determination of the Michaelis constant
The origin of electrical biosignals:
- Organigram of the eukaryote cell
- Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
- Components of the biolg. Membrane
- Thought experiment Origin of electrical biosignals
- What is needed? What are the initial conditions?
- The meaning of Stavermann's reflection coefficient
- Experiment to build up a membrane potential without Na+-K+-ATPase
- Calculation of the membrane potential approximately
- Calculation of the membrane potential more exactly
- Initial conditions, final conditions
- Experimental setup without Na+-K+-ATPase
- Calculation of the resting membrane potential
- Which ion determines the resting membrane potential to a first approximation?
- Nernst equation, Nernst factor, Goldmann equation, constant field equation
- How good is the Nernst equation, compared to the Goldmann equation?
- The electronic equivalent circuit of the biological membrane for the resting potential
- Assignment of the physiology to the components of the electronic equivalent circuit
- Calculation and simulation of the equivalent circuit
- Mathematical relationship between electrolytic permeability and membrane conductivity
Excitable membranes:
- Threshold potential, electrically gated ion channels.
- Structure of a motor neuron,
- Soma, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, terminal knob, synapse, Ranvier's lacing rings, Schwann's cells,
- Functions of dendrites,
- Functions of the axon,
- Experimental setup for measuring action potentials,
- Um-time diagram, Gm-time diagram,
- Conclusion for the modification of the electronic equivalent circuit of the resting potential.
- Origin of the AP at the neuron,
- locomotion of the action potential,
- Chain ladder model, where and when valid,
- Longitudinal or length constant,
- Relationship with axon diameter,
- anelectrotonus, and cathelectrotonus
- continuous and saltatory excitation conduction (excitation propagation),
- all-or-nothing law
- rheobase and chronaxy,
- refractory period, absolute and relative refractory period
- Receptors,
- pain and pressure receptors,
- torsion balance,
- frequency modulation of stimulus intensity,
- sensory nerve pathways, somatosensory cortical field of cerebral cortex,
- motor nerve pathways,
- somatomotor cortical field of cerebral cortex,
- Morphology of neurons,
- fine structure of synapses,
- Consideration of subsynaptic membrane and subsnyptic cleft,
- Postsynaptic membrane areas,
- Current valve function
- The influence of axon hills
The influence of axon hillock near and axon hillock far synapses,- relationship between morphines and endorphins
Chain ladder,
electrotonus,- Structure of the nervous system:
Electric and ligand-gated synapses,How does the AP cross the synaptic cleft, Transmitter vesicles, Transmitter firing, what events precede, receptor-gated ion channels excitatory, inhibitory receptor-gated ion channels Postsynaptic potentials, excitatory, inhibitory Relationship between transmitter firing and triggered AP number What prevents sustained excitation of ligand-gated synapses acetycholine, dopamine pharmacological significance of transmitter analogues atropine, curarerelationship between morphines and endorphins Structure of the nervous system:
- Central nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord
- peripheral NS, and vegetative NS
- autonomic NS, voluntary NS
Muscle (The muscle as a chemo- thermo- mechanical
energy converter):
- Cell types
- Characterization of muscle cell types
- Action potentials of muscle cells especially cardiac muscle cells
- Extracellular potential measurement versus transmembrane potential measurement
- Electronic equivalent circuit of the cardiac muscle cell
- Tetanus, tetanisability, complete incomplete
- Motor end plate
- Structure and function of striated muscle
- Actin, myosin, myosin head, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin binding site, myosin filament, The role of calcium and magnesium, ATPase activity and myosin.
- Sarcomeres
- Contractile unit
- Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction
- Sliding - filament - mechanism
- The role of ATP
- Longitudinal tubules
- Transverse tubules
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Sarcolemma
- Types of contraction of the muscle
Fine structure of the myofibril:
- The tubular system (transverse and longitudinal tubules, Ca2+-storage)
- The sarcomere (structure of the smallest contractile subunit of the
skeletal muscle)
The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (sliding filament hypothesis):
- Sliding filament mechanism
- The actin-myosin complex
- The role of ATP as energy supplier and softener (rigor mortis)
The muscular action potential:
- In smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- In skeletal muscle
- Modified electronic equivalent circuit of the working myocardium
The motor endplate:
- Endplate potentials
The mechanical equivalent circuit of the muscle:
- Working diagram of the muscle
- Resting strain curve
- Isometric contractions
- Isotonic contractions
- auxotonic contractions (positive-, negative-)
- Tetanus (incomplete-,complete-)
The importance of pharmacologically active substances in neuro- and muscle physiology:
Cardiovascular system:
- Structure (two pumps)
- Relationship to the lungs and the body
- after birth
- Lungs in shunt
- Lungs in the main circuit
- Small circuit
- systemic circulation
- Arteries
- Veins
- Position of the heart in the body
- The pericardium
- Sliding fluid
- The heart as a hollow muscle
- Heart valves
- Aorta
- Valves and leaflets
- The working cycles of the heart
- The importance of the sympathetic and vagus nerves
- Resting ECG
- Assumptions underlying the ECG derivation according to Einthoven
- ECG lead forms: Einthoven, Wilson, Goldberger, Nehb
- Unipolar and bipolar lead forms
- Extremity lead
- Differential electrodes and indifferent electrodes
- Planes, which can be developed by the ECG
- frontal plane,-horicinal plane, saggital plane
- What information does the resting ECG provide?
- waves and stretches of the ECG recording
- Non-invasive determination of the anatomical cardiac axis
- The heart as a dipole
- Summation vector of the heart (summation vector)
- Cabrera circle
- Vector cardiography
- Electronic equivalent circuit for deriving biopotentials from the body surface
- Rythmus disturbances without alteration of the basic rhythm
- Rythmusst disturbances with change of the basic rhythm
- Extrsystoles
- Compensatory pause
- Estrasystoles in the area of the ventricles
- Interposed extrasystoles
- Five-point accupressure cardiac explosion technique zwinkernd
Ergospirometry as an example of a non-invasive procedure to determine the performance capacity and limitations of an organism:
- Assessment of performance capacity (cardiovascular, pulmonary function, and metabolism).
- Differential diagnosis of exercise intolerance
- Evaluation of therapeutic interventions
- Basis for training recommendations
- Basis for the evaluation of pension applications
- Components and basics of ergospirometry
- Performance of ergospirometry examinations
- Evaluation of ergospirometry examinations (9 field evaluation according to Wassermann)
- Dozent/in: Reiner Schnettler